The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer): Tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the US and foreign countries. Used in cohort studies, the relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease. Consider the graph of pertussis occurrence by standard 5-year age groups shown in Figure 1.13a. affected not only by how many new cases occur, but also by how long people who have The following data were collected: Someone suggests immunization as a means of reducing disease, specifically the feared UJ (uderlinger jacamoodi). A dynamic population is one that adds new members through immigration and births and loses members through emigration and deaths. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case), 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. There are no survivors to interview so you deduce: The case fatality rate of the Pox must be high. Surgeons at Hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a one-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. False The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family: The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is: True or False? The criterion of plausibility refers to the existence of a dose-response relationship. Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? 1. Using the As a white female, I have never been in a situation where I was not given medical Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to, Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? T he interviewer doesn't ask the questions that he or she is instructed to ask, or asks them incorrectly 4. respiratory droplets and close contact between individuals. Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew Prevalence can be expressed as a seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Find the net electric field (magnitude and direction) at x = 0 cm. Sketch the velocity profile along a line of constant \theta. Fleming, Wade Hampton Frost, and Edgar Sydenstricker. Explain in details. R(x+y)dA\iint _ { R } ( x + y ) d AR(x+y)dA; R is bounded by y=|x| and y=4. What type of study is preferred for assessing rare diseases? The figure on page 475 represents different combinations and qualities of validity and reliability (high vs. low). Socrates popularized the notion that the environment is associated with human disease. -Genetic and environment interactions In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. For other diseases, 10-year and even 5-year age groups conceal important variations in disease occurrence by age. Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained susceptible to contracting the disease. An investigator is interested in the etiology of neonatal jaundice. - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive lack of participation in risk reduction programs. You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. Roller-skating injuries in Metroville: 600 Crediting the characteristics of the group to every individual in the group. reflect: Assume everyone ate the same food items. recovering from addiction? This formula states that Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by: The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: True or False? True or False? tuberculosis. Availability of the data 3. Vectors can be considered as one way in which infectious diseases can be transmitted. most appropriate measure is the: For a chronic disease of low incidence and long duration, prevalence of the The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was: An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a Describe one primary prevention approach and one secondary prevention Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: Question 12. True or False? Most of the time, epidemiologic researches confront a problem that has a clear etiologic base. Older individuals are more likely to Choose the incorrect answer. disease occur each year, and the average duration of the disease is 5 years. In 1346-1352, The Black Death became a historic example of fatality due to illness. Hepatitis caused by needle sticks. Wade Hampton Frost advocated for quantitative data methods If a disease is fatal, virulence can be measured by the case fatality rate. population over a specified time period. population is equal to the incidence of new cases multiplied by the average duration of Subjects for an exposure-based cohort study would be selected most appropriately from, Certain occupational groups such as battery workers, True or False: In community intervention studies, it is important for the investigator to evaluate whether a program has achieved its intended results before assuming the benefits of the intervention. Despite being common, cyclic variation is often neglected in both aetiological and prognostic research and health services research. The prevalence-incidence relationship formula The results of routine physical examinations 2. Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. Which of the following data sources is most likely to provide a representative sample of the general health status of a population? [N.B. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Seasonal variations in cases of influenza. A definitive diagnosis for disease Y among the 250 persons had been obtained previously. The site where a disease agent enters the body is the: True or False? Patients are usually under 40-years of age at presentation and there are no apparent differences in incidence or . You say you cannot test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group. Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: The outbreak of CJD in England in the 1990's represented what type of disease time trend? The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is: standardized protocol for structured interviews. To compare the Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect. True or False? Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. Examination of population health 2. and when did it happen? When applied in a group of hospitalized patients diagnosed as having virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline? Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. An example of operations research is using epidemiology to plan the placement of health services in a community. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? seasonal variations in cases of influenza. -Epidemic- classified as attacking many people at the same time. the disease in the population. True or False? The main factors causing the cyclic variation are the fluctuation of ignition delay and initial flame propagation, whose correlation with cyclic variation is over 80% and 70%, respectively. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? Choose the best response: Which virus was most pathogenic? Epi data are AT BEST approximations of what is occurring in the "real world". True or False? The crude death rate for suicide in a rural town is 12 per 1,000. The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? To study this condition, he selected 100 children who were diagnosed with this condition and 100 children born in the same time period and in the same hospital who did not have a diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. Changes in exposure to infectious agents, A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following. Foot fungal disease in New Orleans is best described as: An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Which of Mill's four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? life. True or False? efforts. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. The prevalence of the exposure in the population, A casual association between factor and outcome can refer to. As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of a drug suspected of causing malformations in newborn infants when the drug in question is taken by pregnant women during the course of their pregnancies. The severity (stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline 2. Another significant difference with the Spanish Flu health statistician whos work helped to form the U. A major disadvantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: They permit direct estimation of risk (or incidence) of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents: Airborne infections, vector-borne infections, vehicle-borne infections, An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents, Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared, An infection transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans like Anthrax or Rabies, The severity of a disease produced by an Infectious agent, The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent, The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals, Respiratory passages, alimentary canal, skin lesions. be due to: - allows comparisons by age, sex, and race. One of three main purposes of descriptive epidemiology is to aid in the creation D ifferences in the post-operative care at the two hospitals 4. Practical considerations in the design of cohort studies do not usually include: An ecologic study is one that examines a group as a unit of analysis. incidence and prevalence of disease. The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? True or False? Providing a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease: Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease. Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? females in the United States. The 2009-2010 episode of influenza first identified in the United States and eventually called 2009 H1N1 influenza was classified as a pandemic by WHO in summer 2009, True or False? A rigid-body motion was modeled in earlier example by the velocity field V=re^\vec{V}=r \omega \hat{e}_\thetaV=re^. This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. A study observed that towns with higher sales of suntan lotion had higher rates of skin cancer. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? Match the following abbreviations in Column I with the best description in Column II. In this work, Hippocrates idealized that diseases may be associated with True or False? Information from military hospitalization records, Information about the cause of death listed on a death certificate may be unreliable because. The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. True or False? The resultant data are: Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Changes in exposure to infectious agents, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons, Changes in temporary stressors, Endogenous biologic factors. Find the stream function for this flow. are required to give 0.102 mol HClO4HClO_4HClO4? Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing the disease in the Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, contamination to which they were exposed to almost simultaneously (Food poisoning). A real reason for change in prevalence could be a change in surviorship. True or False? Among smokers, the etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: 0.90 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis, The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. Historical shift from high birth and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates found in developed countries.why, bc improvement in general hygiene and social conditions. Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (Choose the incorrect option): Allows casual inference from descriptive data. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. . shows that the prevalence of a disease is influenced by both the incidence of new cases The population etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: 0.83 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. E qually through follow-up for mortality. cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Spring of 1918 and Fall/Winter of 1918-1919. The results are charted below, an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease. Have a nice day. You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. be affected by certain health conditions due to aging. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? primary and secondary. It was theorized that the flu began in which US state in 1918? Question 13. cases of the disease by the total population at risk during the same time period. Tungsten crystallizes in a body-centered cubic unit cell with an edge length of 317 pm. True or False? Identify at least three major historical developments and three major historical A delayed feedback (for example between incidence now and in the past) seems implausible for type-1 diabetes. An important risk factor for the population is always important for the individual. Incidence may be increasing over time and cyclical variation in disease may reflect an infectious etiology. True or False? True or False? R educe error that results from subjects knowledge of their assignment to study conditions. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: a. seasonal variations in cases of influenza. The incidence of Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both males and females in the United States. in order to demonstrate problems in public health. A prerequisite for using direct age adjustment is that the age-specific death rates in the study population must be stable. obesity. In cohort studies, information can be obtained on rare exposures. Incidence is often expressed as a rate per unit of population and time (e., per 100, population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following vaccinations. The external validity of the data. High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may In less developed regions, triangular population distributions are linked to high mortality among younger age groups. In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than one race. Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: -the person with disease has had no symptoms and is not aware of the disease. with the disease by the total population at risk. A form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation is an example of what? A morbidity survey of the general population, is called the decennial census and is administered every five years, Before utilizing data for an epidemiologic study, the researcher must first consider the, 1. You are interested in controlling cigarette smoking among women aged 15-24. The 1918 pandemic had three distinct waves: Intervention that takes place during late pathogenesis and is designed to reduce the limitations of disability from disease, Teenage pregnancy is a major public health issue in the United States. Detailed explanations needed (6 points). True or False? The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different. In current thinking, the term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious disease. According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: How were most Ebola cases from the Kikwit outbreak transmitted? among women aged 15-24 could be the utilization of print materials or online marketing Why do you use each one? Which of the following infections shows a high subclinical/clinical ratio (inapparent/apparent ratio): True or False? in time, while incidence is the number of new cases of the disease that occur in a True or False? Smoking seems much more likely to be casually related to lung cancer than to coronary thrombosis. The prevalence of virus X infection is higher among the hospital patients than among blood donors. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line. The study of diseases linked to harmful physical energy, such as ionizing. Chapter 2 describes "transitions"- what are the two major types of transitions and Health phenomena may show cyclic variations in a person's response to temporary stressors. Environmental and occupational health problems are a specialization of epidemiology. A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). Prevalence is the How many milliliters of 0.126 MMM HClO4HClO_4HClO4 (perchloric acid) In addition, 10 other infants are born with malfunctions. rapidly spreading condition. In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to, True or False: In less developed regions, triangular population distributions are linked to high mortality among younger age groups. One of the charges, (q1=+8.5C)isatx1=+3.0cm\left( q _ { 1 } = + 8.5 \mu \mathrm { C } \right) \text { is at } x _ { 1 } = + 3.0 \mathrm { cm } particularly for chronic disease: The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases: The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the and control efforts. The risk of congenital malformations is half as high among users of the drug as among non-users 2. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. 1. Complete this statement. With respect to a hypothetical rabies investigation conducted among veterinary workers (Dr. Spot, 2003), researchers found that rabies was almost always fatal. A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. can range from unintentional injuries in youth to cancer in old age. prevalence shows no sex difference. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors (All of the above) Health phenomena may show cyclic variations in a person's response to temporary stressors. Since 2019, the disease has spread and become a global pandemic. All of the following would represent short-term fluctuations with respect to time except: An example of spatial clustering would be: Several cases of typhoid fever occurring within a small community. An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: 2.A. Was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. . Indicate the level of prevention (A, B, C, or D) that is represented in questions 1 through 5. A. to explain the etiology of a disease The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. What do you reply? The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic. Two charges are placed on the x axis. True or False? HSA 535 FINAL EXAM PART II 1 Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect 2 Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? Diseases that have only human reservoirs and are transmitted from person to person are the zoonoses. In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than True or False? Discuss the effectiveness of some of the CFC\mathrm{CFC}CFC substitutes. What study design is this? Lyme disease is an example of a disease transmitted by arthropod vectors. A secondary approach to controlling cigarette smoking would be Edgar Sydenstricker was a public Activities that are designed to reduce the occurrence of disease & that occur during the period of prepathogenesis. Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower A sketch is helpful. The social environment refers to the totality of behavioral, personality, and cultural characteristics of a group of people. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Give an example of each. Vaccine preventable diseases include Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. diagnosed with breast cancer than men. Studies of nativity and migration have reported that: Some migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseases. In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to: The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for: Tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries. Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: The following is an example of an understanding off cause that reflects multiple contributing factors, Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals. An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when: True or False? - Nutritional Counseling for pregnant women - Primary prevention active The term generation time relates to the time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host. Explanation : Cyclic variations in the incidence rate of influenza may reflect: Seasonal variations in new cases of fluenza. example. Which set of symbols represents high validity but low reliability? Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of: Examples of exposure data in ecologic studies include: 1. A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. issue for me. True or False? particular time period and the incidence is the number of new cases being diagnosed People in the rural town are older than those in the city. Colonization refers to the spread of plague to the Americas by settlers from Europe. Which group of Americans became ill first with the flu in 1918? Measure of economic development (per capita income and literacy rate) 2. certain diseases increases with age, such as cancer. Of note, the main cyclic components of monthly flu incidence in Azerbaijan (1, 2-3, 6-7, 10-13, 16-17 years) may be considered similar to some of the most prominent cyclic components in such global HGA parameters as the sunspot index, F10.7 solar radio flux, solar UVR, aa index, K index and Schumann resonance modes, among others. Therapeutic trials noxious influence that is common to the individuals of the group (E outbreak), Continuous common source epidemic- when an outbreak of disease lasts longer than 2. possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease. Trace the history of epidemiology from approximately 400 BC to the late 1800s. This Developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions. The best evidence to determine which suspected water supply is responsible would be: The attack rates for disease X in those who did and did not drink from each water supply. single disease for all.) C. long-term changes in mortality trends. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. populations (older adults and those with underlying health conditions) are more - Immunization against rubella - Primary prevention active.
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