Joseph of Egypt prepares us to look to Joseph of Nazareth in the New Testament. in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition program at the Maryvale Institute. Death came into the world by the first Adam eating outside of the will of God, from the tree of knowledge of good and evil (the Law); life comes into the world by eating according to the will of God, Christs flesh and blood the Eucharist, the fruit of the tree of life we call the Cross. There are many Eucharistic connections between the first Exodus in the Old Testament and the second Exodus brought on by Jesus. 12 Passages that Reflect Resurrection in the Old Testament. the EASTER section of the Crossroads Initiative Library. And it is said that, having taken silver and gold, Naaman went to the king of Israel. The bride of Christ or the lamb's wife is a term used in reference to a group of related verses in the Bible, in the Gospels, Revelation, the Epistles and related verses in the Old Testament. 6 Which is the city that will prefigure the future? It is not simply a matter of specific prophetic texts, although these are important. Old Testament Forshadowing. Marah was a spring of unendurably bitter water: Moses threw wood into it and it became sweet. Jesus, the High Priest, proclaims and also fulfilled the Torah during his three-year ministry the same number of years it takes to read through the Torah reading cycle in synagogues. Both were Gods appointed delivers. Public domain. Jesus demonstrates an awareness of this Old Testament type when he speaks of his crucifixion as his baptism. Both fasted 40 days and nights. The Tree of Life. No. St. Ambrose was born around AD 339 in what is now Trier, Germany, the son of the Roman prefect of Gaul. The word "testament" and "covenant" are interchangeable. Gen 27:15-29). Matthew 12:40. By the Eucharist being consumed at the Mass, the marriage supper of the Lamb. He understood the typology of the water judgments throughout the Old Testament, and he saw how they were fulfilled in Christ as the mediator of a better covenant. His gifts are used for the good of the world, not just for his father or his family. Which is the best definition of the word prefigure? This means they had the Trinity dwelling in the depths of their souls. As the notable America The God who is sovereign over history so ordered events and intervened in history so as to reveal himself and his redemptive purposes to his people (see e.g. Jesus also came to save from sin. Discuss the "prefigurations" of the church in the stories of Old Testament. Who foreshadows the Messiah in the Bible? In John 5:46, Jesus rebukes the Pharisees saying, For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote of me. If the Pharisees really understood Moses, Jesus is saying, they would have received him as the one Moses foretold. . He has been doing this since the very beginning, and in the same chronological order! You must not trust, then, wholly to your bodily eyes. In the Beginning The Eucharist prefigured in the Old Testament https://covdio.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TabernacleAncientNearEast.jpg, /wp-content/uploads/2015/01/CovDioLogo_dark-300x122.png, In the Beginning The Eucharist prefigured in the Old Testament, Copyright - Diocese of Covington - Design by T2Design, Scratching the surface of an inexhaustible mystery. The prophets themselves knew that they did not fully understand all that they wrote (1 Peter 1:1012). It was on the cross that Jesus, like the Egyptians, drowned in the waters of Gods judgment, so that the Israel of God in the New Covenant, like the Israel of God in the Old Covenant, could reach that heavenly shore. The word for thanksgiving in Hebrew is todah. The word for thanksgiving in Greek is eucharistein. So this eucharistic sacrifice included flesh and bread, and the consequences for being unclean and eating the flesh was that person shall be cut off from his people (Leviticus 7:20). Thus, husbands should love their wives, "even as Christ loved the church and handed himself over for her to sanctify her" (Ephesians 5:25-26). These events were investigated from as early as the time when the New Testament was being written. We are called to receive the blood of Christ, the only begotten son of the Father, and eat the Bread of Life as a sign of our deliverance from slavery to sin. Moses publicly consecrates Aaron, which began the priesthood (Kohanim succession) that continues to this day. The eucharistic sacrifice is where we are called to worship the Lamb of God, in spirit and truth. God the Father creates every person to share in Trinitarian life, thus making us, supernaturally, sons and daughters of the Father. This is what the early church taught and believed; just like Peter's sermon earlier in this chapter and Stephen's sermon in . And there are many figures that are foreshadowing Jesus. Traditionally, types in the Old Testament are restricted to persons, places, things, or events which prefigure the work of Christ or an aspect of his kingdom. In the second part, the Liturgy of the Eucharist, we eat the Word of God the Word made flesh, the Word made edible. What is not seen is in reality seen more clearly; for what we see without eyes is temporal whereas what is eternal (and invisible to the eye) is discerned by the mind and spirit. For I know my offense; against you alone have I sinned; I have done such evil in your sight that you are just in your sentence, blameless when you condemnA clean heart create for me, God; renew in me a steadfast spirit.Rescue me from death, God, my saving God, that my tongue may praise your healing powerMy sacrifice, God, is a broken spirit; God, do not spurn a broken, humbled heart (Psalm 51:3-6, 12, 16, 19). In this case, they had failed to believe what their sacred Scriptures clearly taught, that Messiahs path to glory must, of necessity, pass through the cross of suffering and death. Exod. Both were born at a time when oppressors were killing Hebrew babies. This is my blood.. And God gave him responsibilities and roles later . & Lay Apostolate for the Diocese of Duluth. 4 Who is the angel of the Lord in Genesis? Christ came to make it possible once again for us to, "share in the divine nature" (2 Peter 1:4, cf. The couple only ate from the trees, not from anything that grew from the ground, such as grain. This is what Jesus did with the institution of the Twelve for apostolic succession. Brian Pizzalato is the Director of Catechesis, R.C.I.A. in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition program at the Maryvale Institute. He wants us to thrive, not surviv Isnt Advent great? find its center and fulfilment in a single individual? The church teaches far more about holiness, about living in intimate communion, and thus a right relationship with God, both here and in eternity, and about the. But the New Testament teaches that Christ's death and resurrection fulfilled the law, which is why its many rules and regulations have never applied to Christians. After proclaiming the Torah, Moses threw the blood of the sacrifice on the people saying, Behold the blood of the covenant which the Lord has made for you. The priest during the Mass lifts the consecrated host and wine and says, Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world . Thankfully, the apostles themselves lay down a pattern for us to follow. It serves the grammatical purpose of being the direct object pointer. When the episcopal see of Milan became vacant in 374, the people demanded that Ambrose be made their bishop. God the Father, knowing his children will still be prone to reject him, also sent the Son to give us the Holy Spirit through the sacrament of reconciliation. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Definition of prefigure. And once it was explained to him, he was open to it and he was baptized. transitive verb. Both gave up great riches to serve. Just as the lifeless form of the first Adam, became a living soul so the lifeless form of the bread and wine become the body, blood, soul and divinity of the second Adam, Christ. For this reason, Paul would declare before King Agrippa, So I stand here testifying both to small and great, saying nothing but what the prophets and Moses said would come to pass: that the Christ must suffer and that, by being the first to rise from the dead, he would proclaim light both to our people and to the Gentiles (Acts 26:22b23). They did not die naturally, but they did die supernaturally. Brian holds an M.A. . It will become for us the bread of life. Brian Pizzalato is the Director of Catechesis, R.C.I.A. Within this context, inevitably sin must be spoken of. The Last Supper Jesus had with his disciple was probably not the Passover meal itself. 1:16; Rom. Genesis 4:16). Third, we have God supplying manna and quail for the Israelites in the desert. In the New Testament, fulfilment was far greater than the sum of Old Testament types. By observation, one could see the result of the smearing as an upright version of the Paleo Hebrew letter TAV. He didnt have any of the technologies that you and I take for granted in these days, but his life is so applicable to your own. After the prophet Elijah comes Elisha, who miraculously feeds a hundred men with a small amount of food, a type of loaves and fishes miracle, which prefigured Jesus multiplying himself in the Eucharist. In Scripture, St. Joseph is a man of few words, but he is nonetheless a significant figure in the life of Christ and the life of the Church. In our understanding of the Bible there exists continuity between the two Testaments. 1.800.803.0118info@crossroadsinitiative.com. Brian is currently authoring the regular series, "Catechesis and Contemporary Culture," in The Sower, published by the Maryvale Institute and is also in the process of writing the Philosophy of Religion course book for the B.A. Rather, properly identifying types begins with an awareness of the deep patterns, images, and structures of Scripture and recognizing their interconnectedness. The Queen Mother had a very influential role in national affairs and acted as regent when the king was absent or dead. He is the representative of humanity and the head of creation itself" (80). In Genesis 2 and 3 the two trees planted in the middle of the garden foreshadow the Eucharist. For a full account of the Passover ritual, read Exodus 12. Raise up in your Church more leaders after your own heart, to guide us with courage and wisdom. The Hebrew letter looks like two crossed sticks a cross, a cross with blood on it in the same location as the blood on Jesus cross. The third situation prefigured in the Old Testament is that of the ark without the tabernacle. Its the best! As you see, holy baptism was prefigured even then at the crossing of the sea, where the Egyptians perished but the Hebrews escaped. Thus the Orthodox position about the Bible, would be that the New Testament is prefigured in the Old, and the Old Testament is fulfilled in the New. There are a number of ways in which God has foreshadowed the work of Christ in the Eucharist. Many Catholics in our day murmur about this as well. in Theology and Christian Ministry with a Catechetics specialization and an M.A. Sign up for a weekly dose of spiritual inspiration from Dr. Italy. For the next section of Ambroses On the Mysteries, click here. These two letters form a concept rather than an actual word. In Leviticus 5:5-6 we read after a litany of sins, whoever is guilty in any of these cases shall confess the sin he has incurred, and as his sin offering for the sin he has committed he shall bring to the Lord a female animal from the flockThe priest shall then make atonement for his sin. There must be a confession of sin, penance of sacrifice, and the involvement of a priest. Col. 1:28) How are preachers to do both? She was prefigured in Eve, the Mother of the Living; in the holy women of the Old Testament, such as Sarah, Hannah, Deborah, Esther, and Judith; and in the prophetic image of the daughter Zion. In the Eucharist, we know that the bread becomes Jesus flesh for the life of the world (cf. It is important to note that identifying types is not the application of some secret method or code whereby clever exegetes make Christ magically appear from any text of Scripture. Next, David is a type of Jesus starting with his birth in Bethlehem (House of Bread), and his being chosen by God for the dual role of king and priest a priestly-king in the order of Melchizedek, the one who brought bread and wine to Abraham (Heb 7:17 quoting Psalm 110:40). 15. foot of Mt. In Greek the letters are the Alpha and the Omega. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation ( Gen. 6:9 ). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. When the apostles read the Old Testament, they saw references to Christ and his kingdom, as it were, on every page. 1 : to show, suggest, or announce by an antecedent type, image, or likeness. Its in Egypt that Gods will is revealed to Joseph, that he become the amazing steward of Pharaoh himself. 680 Barclay Blvd The Church regards the typological understanding of Scripture as essential to a full understanding of the Word of God (cf. The Levitical men, while serving as priests, though most were married, had to be celibate for the weeks they served as priests (five non-consecutive weeks per year, see I Samuel 21:1-5; Leviticus 15:18, 22:4). 4 talking about this. Pope Francis visits with children in Budapest with visual impairments, Speak the language of charity, Pope Francis encourages in Hungary, Republicans help defeat abortion bans in S.C. and Nebraska. The 'types' you are referring to is the theology that the Old Testament is filled with stories that show a 'type' of Christ that . They were jealous of the gifts that God had given to him, jealous of how much his father favored him, jealous . The last Old Testament prefiguration of Baptism considered in the Catechism is the crossing of the Jordan River when "the People of God received the gift of the land promised to Abraham's descendants, an image of eternal life" (CCC, n. 1222). In 386 Augustine was baptized by Ambrose and went on to become bishop of Hippo in North Africa. Romans 10:4 says, "Christ is the end of the law." The Israelites were to eat the flesh, and be filled with bread. Most New Testament readers are likely familiar with the concept of resurrection: Jesus, of course, resurrected from the dead, but he also raised to life Jairus' daughter ( Mark 5:21-24 ), the son of the widow of Nain ( Luke 7:1-17 ), and Lazarus ( John 11:17-44 ). Instead, he plays the blame game. Augustine's contemporary, Quodvultdeus (flourished circa AD 430)a man who strove at length to establish that the New Testament fulfilled the Old Testamentpenned, "Since Eve had been created from the side of the sleeping Adam, . For example, King David, and Adam himself a figure of Jesus, a type of Jesus, pointing us to Jesus. "Catechism of the Catholic Church" number 460). The Gospel Coalition supports the church by providing resources that are trusted and timely, winsome and wise, and centered on the gospel of Jesus Christ. Second, the Old Testament points to Jesus in the dozens of messianic prophecies that he fulfills. It also becomes more ritualized. So you must first be made clean through repentant confession, and thus be able to partake of the flesh, so that you may not be cut off from the assembly. The ancient rabbis believed that after the Messiah comes all sacrifices except the Todah would cease. What about those who suffer a death far greater than physical death? Irving, TX 75062 It means the product of, like fruit of the womb. Adam and Eve never prepared food before disobeying God. Adam, instead of exposing his spiritual condition to God, tries to hide himself physically. The Omnipotence of God is infinite! But that's not all it does. Priests ordained in the New Testament serve year-round. Ten Ways Noah's Ark Prefigured the Church Stephen Beale When Catholics speak about the Church as the "barque of St. Peter," two images usually come to mindthe actual fishing boat of St. Peter and the ark that saved Noah and his family from the Genesis flood. This tribute to the Trinity as deep mystery captures the spirit of St. Catherine of Siena so well that the Roman Catholic Church reads it every year o Jesus is the Good Shepherd because he leads us to verdant pastures where the food is ample and of the best quality. . The Todah sacrifice is considered the greatest of the animal sacrifices because it added suffering of ones own life (see Psalm 69:30). While the people are in the desert after the Exodus, they murmur against God, accusing him of murderous plans by means of starvation. She is a writer, speaker, teacher and graphic designer. In the beginning Adam and Eve were created with natural and supernatural life. The Jordan River. reading the Old Testament; praying the Psalms; above all, recalling the saving . God, like he did with Adam, tries to elicit a confession. In receiving the Eucharist, we, too, must believe Jesus words, Whoever comes to me will never hunger (John 6:35). The fiery coal is a prefiguration of the Host. Second, we have the Passover, the most significant event for the people of the Old Testament. You hear that our fathers were under the cloud, a kindly cloud which cooled the heat of carnal passions. He says in 1 Corinthians 10:1, For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea. How does the Red Sea crossing prefigure baptism? If it was not clear before, it should be clear now, that our Father knows how to teach his children. This account contains two elements that prefigure the works reputation among scholars today. Another pre-Eucharistic episode is found in the vision of Ezekiel eating the scroll with the written Word of God on it a scroll made edible (Ezek 2). Affiliate disclosure: As an Amazon Associate, we may earn commissions from qualifying purchases on Amazon.com. Thank Aaron Just like the common priesthood of all believers that I mentioned at the outset, the people of Israel were all in a "common priesthood" - they formed a "kingdom of priests." These two letters are peppered throughout the Old Testament, seasoning its meaning. All Kohens must trace their authority back to Aarons consecration. So how can a collection of books written over a period of a thousand years by over two dozen authors in various literary genres (law, history, architectural description, poetry, apocalyptic, prophecy, etc.) God is magnificent! Cardinal Ratzinger also considers Marys place as the embodiment of created wisdom, who faithfully received the Uncreated Wisdom of the World of God in . When Jonah spent three days and nights miraculously preserved within a huge. God asks Cain, Where is your brother Abel? Not only does he not confess with repentance and contrition, he lies by saying, I do not know. God then asks, Who told you that you were naked? (Genesis 3:11). 6:10-12) the ark was apart from the tabernacle. And he saw the completion of the Old Testament in the New. This is not a question of physical location, but of spiritual condition. It might also be noted that after God prescribes for them what to do, the people bowed their head and worshipped (Exodus 12:27). The blood was to be a sign of deliverance of the first born sons of Israel. Psalm 102:25-27 notes that in contrast to this world, which will pass away, "you are the same, and your years have no end.". New Covenant. This is the full list of the New Testament books of the Catholic Bible: The Letters of St. Paul to the Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. God responds, I will rain down bread from heaven for you. Banner/featured image Baptism of Christ by Cima da Conegliano. Let me step back here and talk about typology for a moment. He was ready to receive the Gospel as soon as he was given the understanding that is revealed to us in Jesus. The answer is a resounding no. . In answer to James and Johns foolish request to sit on his right and his left when they get to Jerusalem, Jesus says, Are you able to drink the cup that I drink or be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized? (Mark 10:38). They are also required to keep a feast of unleavened bread, as perpetual institution (Exodus 12:17). Which is the city that will prefigure the future? CCC 109-119). New Testament1.2.1 (a). Blessed are you, Lord, God of all creation. Copyright 2023 Relevant Radio - All Rights Reserved. how was the church prefigured god chose a people, set them apart and established a sacred priesthood to celebrate their worship and they worshipped as a group and he set up an hierarchical structure for the people to make others holy. The whole assembly was to gather together to sacrifice the lambs. Baptism is prefigured in the Old Testament in types such as the Flood, the crossing of the Red Sea, and the crossing of the Jordan River into the Promised Land. This politician-turned churchman was profoundly aware of his lack of preparation for this great responsibility and so set himself immediately to prayer and the study of Scripture. However, there are a couple of other facts that should be considered before leaving the subject. The fifteenth passage is Jeremiah 15:21, I will deliver You out of the hand of the wicked, and redeem You from the grasp of the ruthless. Gods promise here to Jeremiah foreshadows His promise to His Son, the Messiah. To give a proper perspective on the New Covenant sacrament of reconciliation instituted by Christ, we will explore the Old Testament prefiguration of this sacrament. Guilt! Joseph becomes the steward of all of Pharaohs reign. The manna prefigured the Eucharist, though the manna itself was a miracle. Then a maiden from among the captives said that there was a prophet in Israel, who could cleanse him from the defilement of the leprosy. Jesus explained this to his disciples after his resurrection. The fact that Jesus rebukes his already despondent disciples (O foolish ones) clearly suggests that these disciples had failed in a significant way. Besides numerous sermons and treatises on the spiritual life, Saint Ambrose is responsible for two of the first great theological works written in Latin, De Sacramentis on the Sacraments and De Spiritu Sancto on the Holy Spirit. Saint Ambrose, one of the most important of the Early Church Fathers, died on Holy Saturday (April 4) in the year 397. The answer is yes and no. By Genesis 4, you have Cain's son Lamech . There are a number of ways in which God has foreshadowed the work of Christ in the Eucharist. When God made man, he made him out of the earths pre-created dust and breathed life into the lifeless form, bringing man into being by his previously spoken words, Let us make man in our image., During the Mass the priest says, Blessed are you, Lord, God of all creation. St. Paul writes, Because we are members of his body we are of his flesh and of his bone. (Eph 5:30) How so? Jonah was a prophet of God whose life taught Israel many lessons about the. Since the English word "church" is a translation of the Greek word "ekklesia", then the answer to your question would be "no". What did God desire Adam and Eve to do after the fall? Literally in Hebrew this means you will, die, die, or die the death. But, did they die? Foretell a the Requirement to Consume the Sacrifice1.2 II. Around 385, an ambitious professor of public speaking named Augustine came to hear Saint Ambrose preach in order to study his technique, and in the process, was attracted to the Catholic faith. He did this so that his people might believe on the promised Messiah prior to his coming and so that those who know the Christ who has come might have a greater understanding of the work that he accomplished through his suffering and glory. She has a masters degree in theology and a Ph.D. in Biblical studies. http://relevantradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/MS-Joseph-Prefigured.mp3. The word fruit means more than apples, oranges or figs. It appears in the Roman Catholic Office of Readings on Tuesday of the fifteenth (15th) week in ordinary time. 7:1-2) and then in the house of Obed-edom the Gittite for three months (2 Sam. how did Christ form the church In the first part, the Liturgy of the Word, we hear the written Word through the proclamations, we see the written Word before our eyes, and then we prepare to partake of the Word through the homily. Prefigures of the Messiah. Welcome to the season where the only song we sing for fourweeks isO Come, O Come, Emmanuel! Because the Church sees that Joseph cared so carefully for our Blessed Mother and for Jesus. In Genesis 2 God causes a deep sleep to fall on Adam, and from his side comes forth Eve. The jar of water foreshadows the water turned to wine at Cana. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Pentecost was not the beginning of Gods plan for the Church. Matthew said: Joseph, the son of Jacob, becomes the type of St. Joseph. The rabbis teach: When the Messiah comes he will explain the meaning of the aleph and the tav. Rather, the entire historical narrative of the Old Testament depicts the Messiah who is to bring about the restoration of Israel. Peter, a married Jew, probably abstained (I Corinthians 7:5-7) before offering the sacrifice of the Mass. Today is the feast of St. Joseph, the earthly foster-father of Jesus. Gods revelation throughout the Old Testament prefigures, anticipates, and announces beforehand the redemption that he would accomplish in the person and work of his incarnate Son, Jesus Christ. This vision is experienced in the two parts of the Mass. Ambrose and his pupil, Augustine, together with St. Jerome and St. Gregory the Great, make up the four original Doctors of the Latin Church. The book of Romans was written as a letter of introduction to a congregation Paul was planning to meet for the first time. She is a graduate of Franciscan University of Steubenville, where she studied journalism, and she has worked in Catholic radio for 12 years. In other words, critics of Scripture see nothing inherent in the texts themselves that unifies these books around a common theme or story, much less an individual person. For example, Noah is a person who serves as a type of Christ. Many Church Fathers saw the Tree of Life as a prefiguration of the Cross, and the fruit of the Tree of Life as a prefiguration of the Eucharist, the Body of Christ, which hung from the Cross. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. By Dr. Alma Burnette. The apostles give us a model for how we too are to read and interpret Scripture today. They represent all the words of God by which all things were spoken into existence, including the Eucharist. The whole earthly life of our Lord Jesus Christ was prefigured with greater or lesser degrees of clarity in many persons, events, and institutions of the Old Testament --- which was a preparatory stage of the Christian revelation. Assisted suicide in the United States: Where is it legal? (3) Christ without the Church. must be created. In the sacramental economy the Holy Spirit fulfills what was prefigured in the Old Covenant. The consequence for this sin is exclusion from the Lords presence (cf. Moreover, Moses himself sings in triumph You sent your Spirit and the sea covered them. Old Testament1.1.1 (a). How to Market Your Business with Webinars. He is also a faculty member of the Theology and Philosophy departments of the Maryvale Institute, Birmingham, England. Against this backdrop he states, "Because of this, we believe that the pure immaculate chamber of the God-bearer, the Virgin Mary, is a temple of the . St. Ambrose was the bishop of Milan, Italy who baptized St. Augustine in the second half of the 4th century AD. Was Pentecost the beginning of Gods plan for the church quizlet? in Theology and Christian Ministry with a Catechetics specialization and an M.A. Saint Ambrose, one of the most important of the Early Church Fathers, died on Holy Saturday (April 4) in the . 11.13 Typology of the Ceremonial Law and the Feasts of Israel: Pentecost, Feast of Booths, and Yom Kippur. Exodus goes on to say, This day shall be a memorial feast for you, which all your generations shall celebrate with pilgrimage to the Lord, as a perpetual institution (Exodus 12:14). We know from the lips of John the Baptist that Jesus is, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). It was a rabbi who once explained it to me. But let us now begin to repent and pray with King David: Have mercy on me, God, in your goodness; in your abundant compassion blot out my offence. Leviticus also tells us of the consequences of sin. Christ laid the foundations for it down in his preaching and by forming/ getting together the apostles. Later Joseph reveals himself to his brothers after placing a cup into the grain. He was given everything that God the Father had and treasured, which was found in His Son, Jesus. Thats why in the 19th century , St. Joseph was declared the patron of the universal Church, the entire Catholic Church. Gods purpose in this special revelation was to announce beforehand the work that the Son would accomplish so that his people who lived prior to his coming might believe on him and have eternal life.
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