Methods: 2005;101:9438. Sleep 14(6):540545, Johns MW (1992) Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. PMC The mean sleep latency in MWT was 2.9 mins for placebo (N=13), 22.4 mins for TAK-925 at 5mg (N=6), 37.6 mins for TAK-925 at 11.2mg (N=4) and 40 mins for TAK-925 at 44.8mg (N=4). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Determining the level of sleepiness in the American population and its correlates. Accessibility References . Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. hb```a`` (2*wIbe400v B1}^=r;umfPX"ilJt'rVF $g,0 Al Also the distribution of all the ratings of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 was compared between the two versions (the value 1 was removed since there was only one such rating). Extended driving impairs nocturnal driving performances. ANALYSIS OF DAYTIME SLEEPINIESS IN ADOLESCENTS BY THE PEDIATRIC DAYTIME SLEEPINESS SCALE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Key InformationD. STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_47, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Inspection of Fig. (2011). Sensitivity was 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.630.86) and specificity 0.88 (0.740.96). M.Herzog gibt an, dass er zu Implantationskursen der Firmen Inspire und ImThera eingeladen wurde. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003493. Int J Psychophysiol. KSS ratings may be a useful proxy for EEG or behavioral indicators of sleepiness. The purpose of this brief report is to compare the distribution of ratings across the two versions and to analyze the covariation between the two scales over 24h of wakefulness. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, it exists in two versions, one with labels on every other step (version A), and one. A recent review summarizes a number of studies of KSS in different laboratory and field settings [7]. Clin Neurophysiol 117(7):15741581. Of 103 patients, 62 were diagnosed with OSAS. MeSH It was concluded that the two versions are quite similar. National Library of Medicine Azmeh Shahid M.D . 2018;67:5565. The sleep deprivation setting has the advantage of making possible comparisons at many different levels of sleepiness. Sleep Med. PubMed Central Significance: KSS ratings may be a useful proxy for EEG or behavioral indicators of sleepiness. Karolinska and Stanford sleepiness scales are measures of state (immediate) sleepiness. A test for symmetry in contingency tables. These findings suggest that the labeling of step 8 may have made it easier not to rate 9 when very sleepy. The mean of methodological quality of studies was 16.11.9 points. All rights reserved. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The KSS is a measure of situational sleepiness. Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase. Each morning, participants completed the Karolinska Sleep Diary , which contains questions about timing of sleep as well as sleep quality. Cohen J. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Methods. Participants were 16 healthy females aged 33-43 (38.1+/-2.68) years. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of apnea/snoring and sleepiness indices of the KSQ. 2008;3(10):e3493. Careers. doi:10.1016/j.rppneu.2012.04.009, Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H, Phillips R, Dement WC (1973) Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. Am Rev Respir Dis 147(5):11621168. Original study: kerstedt, T. and Gillberg, M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Use of subjective and physiological indicators of sleepiness to predict performance during a vigilance task. 8600 Rockville Pike Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Epub 2015 Dec 12. In Scandinavia, portable monitoring has virtually replaced standard polysomnography for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). 60 0 obj <>stream doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045987. Benmedjahed K, Wang YG, Lambert J, Evans C, Hwang S, Black J, Johns MW. eCollection 2021. Validation of the Colombian version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale. See this image and copyright information in PMC. 2=0.45 (s.e=0.05, p<0.0001). In conclusion, the present study has shown that the distribution of the two versions did not differ with respect to labeled and unlabeled steps, nor when closeness of ratings were allowed for in the analysis across the whole scale. Mean and standard deviation do not exist because the SSS is a single item questionnaire. Miley A, Kecklund G, kerstedt T. Comparing two versions of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Results indicated that the two versions are highly correlated, do not have different response distributions on labeled and unlabeled steps, and that the distributions across all steps have a high level of correspondence (Kappa=0.73). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Herzog, M., Bedorf, A., Rohrmeier, C. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the apnea/snoring and sleepiness indices for OSAS was poor but could be improved by combining clinical and KSQ items. The site is secure. The rather high mean correlation between the two versions across time suggests that they measure the same state. Kaida M, Takahashi T, kerstedt A, Nakata Y, Otsuka T, Haratani K, et al. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Hilditch CJ, Wong LR, Bathurst NG, Feick NH, Pradhan S, Santamaria A, Shattuck NL, Flynn-Evans EE. J Psychiatry Res. JPsychosom Res 49(5):367372, Contardi S, Pizza F, Sancisi E, Mondini S, Cirignotta F (2004) Reliability of a driving simulation task for evaluation of sleepiness. Introduction: Sleepiness during the work shift is common and can be hazardous to workers and, in the case of nurses, to patients under their care. Sleep 28(4):472477, PubMed Nat Sci Sleep. Sleep and recovery in physicians on night call: a longitudinal field study. Bowker AH. Gorgoni M, Ferlazzo F, Ferrara M, Moroni F, D'Atri A, Fanelli S, Gizzi Torriglia I, Lauri G, Marzano C, Rossini PM, De Gennaro L. Sleep Med. [3] The SSS is used in both research and clinical settings to assess the level of intervention or effectiveness of a specific treatment in order to compare a clients progress.[3][4]. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. However, it exists in two versions, one with labels on every other step (version A), and one with labels on every step (version B) on the 9-point scale. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is frequently used to study sleepiness in various contexts. Nas estratgias de busca, os seguintes termos foram combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos OR e/ou AND: drowsiness, disorders of excessive somnolence, excessive daytime sleepiness, day sleepiness, midday sleepiness, daytime sleepiness, adolescents, Brazil, Brazilian adolescents e children. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. drowsiness [7]. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.08.005. Subjective sleepiness (3/5) Karolinska Sleepiness Scale 1 extremely alert 2 very alert 3 alert 4 rather alert 5 neither alert nor sleepy 6 some signs of sleepiness 7 sleepy, no effort to stay awake 8 sleepy, some effort to stay awake 9 very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep kerstedt & Gillberg. They are probably less useful when administered while the patient is at the clinic; a measure would be more useful if it reflected sleepiness while driving or probed a more general 'trait', like degree of sleepiness. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The ESS score war neither altered by the intra-daily nor by the inter-daily changes in the level of alertness. kerstedt T, Gillberg M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Google Scholar. 2006;59(1):7079. Figure 1.. Flowchart of the process of selection of articles to compose the review. Sleepiness: evaluating and quantifying methods. Google Scholar, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T (1993) Sleepiness in long distance truck driving: an ambulatory EEG study of night driving. Without limitation, forward looking statements often include the words such as targets, plans, believes, hopes, continues, expects, aims, intends, ensures, will, may, should, would, could anticipates, estimates, projects or words or terms of similar substance or the negative thereof. doi: 10.3109/00207459008994241. 8600 Rockville Pike Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Akerstedt T, Gillberg M (1990) Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Epub 2009 Apr 26. J Neural Transm 121(Suppl 1):3340. A.Bedorf, C.Rohrmeier, T.Khnel, B.Herzog, T.Bremert, S.Plontke und S.Pll geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. This test is based on the power density of the EEG during 'eyes-open' or 'eyes-closed'. "Orexin has been identified as a master regulator of sleep-wake states, and these early results demonstrate that an OX2R agonist may reduce daytime sleepiness in NT1, where there is a loss of orexin," said Deborah Hartman, PhD, Global Program Lead . STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales pp 209210Cite as, 2 %%EOF University of Toronto, Psychiatry, Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Cen, Victoria Street 227, Toronto, M5B 1TB, Canada, Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Cen, University of Toronto, Victoria Street 227, Toronto, M5B 1TB, Canada, The Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep, University of Toronto, Victoria Street 227, Toronto, Canada, , Department of Psychiatry, The Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep, 227 Victoria St., Toronto, M5B 1T8, Canada, 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, Shahid, A., Wilkinson, K., Marcu, S., Shapiro, C.M. Von allen Patienten liegt eine Einverstndniserklrung vor. Bookshelf Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2013 Jul;124(7):1346-52. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.018. Objetivo: . Consecutive patients, 30-66 years old, attending a large sleep clinic in Sweden for OSAS evaluation completed the KSQ and underwent in-home portable monitoring and medical history evaluation. The Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) The Japanese version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS-J) 1. Not viewing the scales as ordinal and computing absolute differences regardless of closeness showed a significant difference across the 19 scale. A newer version of the test is Swedish Universities Scales of Personality. This study was conducted as a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, crossover design in 20 sleep-deprived healthy male adults. The answers are grouped into 15 scales: Psychic anxiety Somatic anxiety Muscular tension Psychasthenia 2012;7(9):e45987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-016-0048-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-016-0048-8. The two versions have not been compared with respect to distribution of ratings, however. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The Karolinska drowsiness test (KDT) was applied to construct physiological alertness scales and to validate them against such well-known instrument of subjective sleepiness assessment as the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS). International Journal of Neuroscience, 1990, 52: 29-37. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Epub 2022 Jan 31. Journal of Sleep Research, 13, 28594. HNO 65, 154162 (2017). Google Scholar, Chica-Urzola HL, Escobar-Cordoba F, Eslava-Schmalbach J (2007) Validating the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Validacion de la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth). The meeting was held in Vancouver, Canada from September 20-25, 2019. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 157481. 2017;46:10724. Med Lav 91(5):486493, CAS Gleichzeitig zu KSS und SSS wurde die ESS zur Beantwortung angeboten. st8=diG;t2_(Nz$Yb9'#dEi_ 111, 03048, Cottbus, Deutschland, Habersaathstrae 38e, 10115, Berlin, Deutschland, Klinik und Poliklinik fr Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Universittsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strau-Allee11, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland, Institut fr Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin-Luther-Universitt Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strae8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Deutschland, Klinik und Poliklinik fr Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenkrankheiten, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universittsmedizin Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475, Greifswald, Deutschland, Klinik und Poliklinik fr Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Martin-Luther-Universitt Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strae40, 01620, Halle (Saale), Deutschland, You can also search for this author in However, it exists in two versions, one with labels on every other step (version A), and one with labels on every step (version B) on the 9-point scale. They are probably less useful when administered while the patient is at the clinic; a measure would be more useful if it reflected sleepiness while driving or probed a more general 'trait', like degree of sleepiness. PubMed One weakness is the modest number of participants, which may have affected the analysis of the distribution of ratings. eCollection 2021. Association between physical activity, screen time activities, diet patterns and daytime sleepiness in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. Our employees are committed to improving quality of life for patients and to working with our partners in health care in approximately 80 countries and regions.For more information, visit https://www.takeda.comForward-Looking StatementsThis press release and any materials distributed in connection with this press release may contain forward-looking statements, beliefs or opinions regarding Takedas future business,future position and results of operations, including estimates, forecasts, targets and plans for Takeda. With increasing use of the scale we have received requests for information on the comparability of the scales. However, it exists in two versions, one with labels on every other step (version A), and one with labels on every step (version B) on the 9-point scale. Sleep 28(4):499521, Lee SJ, Kang HW, Lee LH (2011) The relationship between the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and polysomnographic parameters in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Population for Testing 2017 Apr;32:143-149. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.020. 2022 Nov 4;19(21):14432. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114432. Part of Springer Nature. Reviso sistemtica da literatura por meio das bases de dados eletrnicas Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLINE), via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Cincias da Sade (LILACS), Biblioteca Eletrnica Cientfica Online (SciELO) e SPORTDiscus, sem limite temporal para as buscas. 8600 Rockville Pike 1968;70(4):21320. Gillberg M, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T. (1994). Would you like email updates of new search results? Int J Psychophysiol. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Sleep 15(4):376381, Johns MW (1993) Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea. Using the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire to identify obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a sleep clinic population Diagnostic accuracy of the apnea/snoring and sleepiness indices for OSAS was poor but could be improved by combining clinical and KSQ items. Further research on EDS in children and adolescents are suggested to perform the validation of other instruments for Brazil and present internal consistency values. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Figure1 shows the distribution of ratings for the two versions. Sleepiness in long distance truck driving: an ambulatory EEG study of night driving. Dissociation of Subjective and Objective Alertness During Prolonged Wakefulness. Drowsiness; Method; Ratings; Sleep deprivation. Sleep Biol Rhythms. Short MA, Weber N, Reynolds C, Coussens S, Carskadon MA. Nach einer CPAP-Titrierung reduzierte sich die morgendliche Tagesschlfrigkeit wieder. Adapted from [9]. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_47. 6 Persons taking the SSS test choose one of seven statements to describe their self-assessed current state (choices are shown in Table 169-2). The primary objective was sleep latency on the MWT. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Sleep. As suggested above, simultaneous administration of the two scales would probably have presented spuriously high correlation because most participants would have been influenced by their previous rating. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For better understanding of the results the variation across time is illustrated in Fig. Any forward-looking statements in this document are based on the current assumptions and beliefs of Takeda in light of the information currently available to it. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the KSS with electroencephalographic, behavioral and other subjective indicators of sleepiness. 2012;46(4):422427. To date, there are no studies examining whether these versions can be used interchangeably. PubMed Subjective measures are a quick and cost-effective way of estimating sleepiness. PLoS One. Extended driving impairs nocturnal driving performances. Altmetric. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Chronobiol Int 21(45):673690, Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR etal (1993) Effects of one night without nasal CPAP treatment on sleep and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Ohayon MM. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-016-0270-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-016-0270-3. FOIA Furthermore, the average variance explained was r To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The subjects were asked if certain symptoms of sleepiness had . After the CPAP titration night, sleepiness in the morning was reduced. -, Lo JC, Groeger JA, Santhi N, Arbon EL, Lazar AS, Hasan S, et al. H(%-cB,4`Kpc^CO]c?HhZE4Bc*}A!>"?LG4/dhYyO\4| :TIxN>9 1947;12(2):1537. 2012;43:8592. 1990;52:2937. According to the present data, the ESS serves as areliable instrument to detect the level of daytime sleepiness independently of the circadian rhythm-dependent level of alertness. Designed originally as a self-report scale, No published studies formally checking repeatability, Follows characteristics of alertness, but sleepiness is not unidimensional and difficult to quantify, Evidence supports use in a variety of research and clinical settings, but only in persons of 18 years and older, SSS is not intended for use as a measure of outcome, Free (public domain), brief, easy administration, This page was last edited on 15 November 2022, at 16:00. Kaida, K., kerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., Nilsson, J.P., Axelsson, J. Copyright 1995-2023 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. J Am Stat Assoc. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale results supported those obtained on the MWT for time to sleep onset; participants reported lower sleepiness scores during infusion of TAK-925 than placebo.In healthy sleep-deprived adults, TAK-925 effectively maintained wakefulness at night. ACM Arq Catarin Med. Objective Assessment of Sleep Patterns among Night-Shift Workers: A Scoping Review. It should be emphasized that this not a measure of reliability as that should be based on simultaneous administration of the two versions. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2014;23(3):24052. The new instrument performed optimally at a score of 9. Bardini R, Pereira TF, Sakae TM, Remor KV. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Sagaspe P, Taillard J, Akerstedt T, Bayon V, Espie S, Chaumet G, et al. Results: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53(2):301302. Methods: Consecutive patients, 3066 years old, attending a large sleep clinic in Sweden for OSAS evaluation completed the KSQ and underwent in-home portable monitoring and medical history evaluation. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Meanse KSS values from two-way ANOVA for each point in time for versions A and B during 24h of continuous wakefulness. The study also showed a reasonable correlation between the two versions across time. Distribution of ratings of each scale value [19] for versions A and B. For more information on these and other factors which may affect Takedas results, performance, achievements, or financial position, see Item 3. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In: Shahid, A., Wilkinson, K., Marcu, S., Shapiro, C. (eds) STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales. Ziel der Studie war es, den Einfluss des tageszeitabhngigen Vigilanzniveaus auf die ESS zu evaluieren. Disclaimer. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the J Sleep Res. Correspondence to Meanse KSS values from two-way ANOVA for each point in time for versions A and B during 24h of continuous wakefulness. Epub 2007 Apr 26. Retrospectively, we combined six KSQ items (snoring, breathing cessations, disturbed sleep, etc.) It is sensitive to fluctuations. The KSS, SSS, and ESS were performed at these times in arandomized order. %PDF-1.5 % Comparing two versions of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-016-0048-8, Subjective sleep quality, quantitative sleep features, and their associations dependent on demographic characteristics, habitual sleepwake patterns, and distinction of weekdays/weekends, Nonrestorative sleep scale: a reliable and valid short form of the traditional Chinese version, Interobserver reliability of ICSD-3 diagnostic criteria for disorders of arousal in adults. It is still unclear whether different levels of alertness induced by the circadian rhythm influence ESS score. PubMed Google Scholar, Gillberg M, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T (1994) Relations between performance and subjective ratings of sleepiness during a night awake. Results indicated that the two versions are highly correlated, do not have different response distributions on labeled and unlabeled steps, and that the distributions across all steps have a high level of correspondence (Kappa = 0.73). -, Sagaspe P, Taillard J, Akerstedt T, Bayon V, Espie S, Chaumet G, et al. Int J Neurosci 52(12):2937, Article [8] added labels to the remaining four (even) steps. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Brain Res Bull 63(5):427431. 2008;6:23441. However, level of sleepiness at a particular time during the because the scores of the KSS vary according to day. Psychiatry Res 200(23):795801. Int J Neurosci 1990;52:29-37 Still, this analysis largely disregards discrepancies that are small through the weighting procedure across the scale. To this was also applied Bowkers test of symmetry [13] for significance testing. A newer version of the test is Swedish Universities Scales of Personality . 2008;3(10):e3493. Mc NQ. Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. The answers are grouped into 15 scales: This page is not available in other languages. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. government site. JBiol Rhythms 17(6):548555, Koscec A, Radosevic-Vidacek B (2004) Circadian components in energy and tension and their relation to physiological activation and performance. 2016 Mar-Apr;92(2):168-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2015.05.008. government site. Die Karolinska-Schlfrigkeits-Skala (KSS) und die Stanford-Schlfrigkeits-Skala (SSS) dienten als Referenzmethode zur Erfassung der momentanen Tagesschlfrigkeit ber jeweils 3Messzeitpunkte (morgens, nachmittags, abends) vor und nach einer Polysomnograpie(PSG)-Diagnostiknacht sowie nach einer CPAP-Titrierungsnacht (continuous positive airway pressure, insgesamt 9Messzeitpunkte). 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) and 56 ratings for non-labeled (even) values (i.e. Epub 2020 Dec 8. Before Epub 2019 Jul 12. Results: (2004). The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) served as references for the detection of present sleepiness at three different measurement times (morning, noon, evening), prior to and following a diagnostic polysomnography night as well as after a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration night (9 Adapted from [9]. Front Digit Health. Median reaction time, number of lapses, alpha and theta power density and the alpha attenuation coefficients (AAC) showed highly significant increase with increasing KSS. Eriksen CA, kerstedt T, Kecklund G, kerstedt A. Concluses: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) 47. Narcolepsy Fast Facts. PMC Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Before -, kerstedt T, Gillberg M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. The only study looking at the characteristics of electrophysiology at different levels of the KSS used the Karolinska drowsiness test (KDT) (kerstedt and Gillberg, 1990) to evaluate electrophysiological sleepiness. This is somewhat unexpected, although the participants using version A are always encouraged to use also the unlabeled steps when carrying out their ratings. Assessing sleepiness and cataplexy in children and adolescents with narcolepsy: a review of current patient-reported measures. Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase. Profiles of Subjective Daytime Sleepiness through Cluster Analysis, Psychometric properties and accuracy of the European Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in clinical and non-clinical samples, Nonrestorative sleep scale: reliable and valid for the Chinese population, Validation of the sleep hygiene index for the elderly, Associations Between Intraindividual Variability in Sleep and Daily Positive Affect, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-017-0111-0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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