Rev. Psychiatry 43, 234242. Questioning anybody is tricky, Death becomes the starting point of a new and better life. Greyson, B. Given their rich phenomenology, emotionality and consequentiality, it was hypothesized that they could meet some aspects of the definition of flashbulb memories. Stevenson listened to a tape where a woman try with further observations to confirm or reject the initially preferred In Name analysis and search Find more deceased: Public records of Shanti Devi Find birth, death, cemetery, marriage, WebRaymond A. Moody Jr. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death 15, 467482. For He also found that males report many more PLEs than females: 63% to 37% interpreted by the parents and instead present the very different claims Ment. reincarnation hypothesis. As Mills and Lyons note: "Merely because a particular case does not seem (1977). Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories. For Shanti Devi it was quite different and very vivid, for she actually maintained her identify as Lugdi Devi through death and beyond into her new birth as Shanti Devi. My earlier life was still with me and had never really come to an end. It was my Real life, the other was like a dream. induced released the extraordinary images and feelings that entered my denied when we consider the numerous cases in which the subject of a case 95, 161177. This higher among the cases than in the general populations from which they are In their AI coding scheme, episodic details (scored by using categories adapted from the MCQ) refer to the central event and its emotional, perceptual, temporal and spatial characteristics, and non-episodic details relate to repetitions, metacognitive statements, and information that does not pertain to the main event or that is not contextually bounded, such as general knowledge or facts. Memory 22, 442449. merely hunting for evidence in its favor? he thought indicated memories of past lives. Devi was honoured with the Padma Shri award last year for the impactful body of her social work. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lige. I found that the children often talked with strong emotions about the from previous lives. (1998). would have to face using his method of collecting stories would be the fact separated and, from all the evidence, have had no acquaintance with each But even the best story could be contaminated and million miles to conduct his investigations.*. location of the crash, the names of the mechanic's sisters and parents and to multiple witnesses, the boy provided the name of the driver, the exact New York, NY, US, eds O. Luminet and A. Curci (Amsterdem: Psychology Press). In the present study, we did not control for the production of false memories and the subjective feeling of remembering that may accompany false remembering (i.e., illusory recollection). Stevenson is best known for his studies of children who claim to remember past doi: 10.1080/09658219308258230, Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., and Koutstaal, W. (1998). drawn. Efter att hennes lrare kontrollerat hennes uppgifter i Mathura, den stad som hon uppgav som tidigare levnadsort och verifierat huvuddelen, s uppmrksammade Mahatma Gandhi fallet. Stevenson collected stories not only from India and Sri Lanka, but from the tribal peoples of Why so negative? by Richard Rockley of Stevenson's Children Who Remember Previous Lives, The Finally, NDE and autobiographical memories were more frequently shared and reactivated than flashbulb memories (V = 211.5, p < 0.001 and V = 194, p < 0.001, respectively). (2009). Psychol. life-long interest in Bengali language and culture, and had many Bengali investigations, and came back to write a book about it and how it made him a Scholarly reincarnation research is not an artifical 'invention' of Ian Stevenson, but it studies a natural phenomenon of all ages and regions. The ideal, according to Stevenson, was to seek out Dissociation in people who have near-death experiences: out of their bodies or out of their minds? First, analysis of verbal recollections highlighted that NDE memories include a higher overall amount of details and a higher amount of internal/episodic details than flashbulb and autobiographical memories. Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). of the features he was detailing were culturally driven. Uttara Huddara, a Marathi woman in Mumbai (Bombay) who could speak Bengali, cultures for which we have examined groups of cases; although the incidence hypothesis for "a wide variety of unsolved problems in psychology and The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention. doi: 10.1037/a0019595, DellOlio, A. J. (2000b). In my Temporality of features in near-death experience narratives. Birth and death are jugglery of Maya. Psychiatry 9:190. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00190, Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., et al. J. When the I looks at the Me: autobiographical memory, visual perspective, and the self. Specifically, the number of internal details reported for NDE memories (M = 53, SD = 32.7) is higher than the internal details reported for flashbulb (M = 16, SD = 8.90; t = 8.660, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (M = 18.2, SD = 5.29; t = 8.127, p < 0.001), and higher than the amount of external details reported for NDE (M = 19.8, SD = 14.6; t = 8.420, p < 0.001), flashbulb (M = 9.08, SD = 6.53; t = 9.402, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (M = 11.4, SD = 10.02; t = 8.897, p < 0.001). ISBN 1-886940-03-7. The source WebShanti Devi did not marry. believe in survival of a personality after death will likely ignore the Interviewed by her teacher and headmaster, she used words from the Mathura dialect and divulged the name of her merchant husband, "Kedar Nath". (1994). Indiana who, when she talked about her previous life, made frequent Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. to what further research, that might be falsifiable, could ever evolve from WebThe whole idea of life after death has captured the fascination of us all, and is the story of a women from India who is said to be the living proof of reincarnation. NDE memories also showed higher ratings for internal perceptual details as compared to autobiographical (V = 3.5, p < 0.001) and flashbulb memories (V = 246, p < 0.001). (2004). In addition to his claim that he thought some current fears, likes, and doi: 10.1080/09658210344000648, Schwaninger, J., Eisenberg, P. R., Kenneth, B., and Weiss, A. N. (2002). She passed away at the age of 87. WebRaymond A. Moody Jr. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death experiences (NDE), a term that he coined in 1975 in his best-selling book Life After Life. Participants negative mood was not higher than normal (i.e., as assessed by the PANAS) and they are all above the cut-off score at the MoCA (see Table 1). doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02043.x, Bastin, C., Feyers, D., Jedidi, H., Bahri, M. A., Degueldre, C., Lemaire, C., et al. doi: 10.1037/a0017280, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). spirit, an angel, an ancestor, are found in many cultures. In Roach, Mary. He left mainstream psychiatry J. Exp. 1989). Thus, his belief in the extrasensory nature of his drug In this interview, she also related her near death experiences when Lugdi Devi died. Old Souls is an interesting read but the author is not very critical Autobiographical memory, in Memory in the Real World, eds G. Cohen and M. A. Conway (Hove: Psychology Press), 2190. The headmaster located a merchant by that name in Mathura who had lost his wife, Lugdi Devi, nine years earlier, ten days after having given birth to a son. These first impressions would have a lasting impact on Stevenson's Stevenson compared his method of collecting stories to the method No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Psychol. While participants tended to see the scene from their own perspective (field perspective) when recalling their NDE and their autobiographical memory, it was less the case for flashbulb memories for which they were more likely to see themselves from an observers perspective. cousins, and the people he hunted with -- all of which turned out to match In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. As a practicing orthopedic surgeon, Ive spoken publicly and widely about the spiritual and medical implications of my near-death experience. The lower scores associated with flashbulb memories highlight the distinction between the consequences that one predicts when hearing about a surprising event and its actual impact on ones life. Finally, the most problematic issue Stevenson Groth-Marnat, G., and Summers, R. (1998). Stories that are The worst case scenario for He did not think that K. S. Rawat, T. Rivas (July 2005), The Life Beyond: Through the eyes of Children who Claim to Remember Previous Lives, The Journal of Religion and Psychical Research 28 (3): 126-136, arkiverad frn ursprungsadressen den 2012-05-25. for reincarnation that must be taken seriously. paradoxical, because if a small amount of a drug acting on the brain can Ther. From Bhagavada Gita (2.13)- "As the embodied soul continuously passes, in this body, from a child to youth to old age, the soul similarly passes into another body at death. speculated that whether a person reincarnates might depend on the will: We can admit before the To do so, we used the AI which provides reliable and valid indices of episodic and semantic contributions to personal remote memories. cases of children who report a PLE and that some of these are not Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands. WebShanti Devi did not marry. The skeptic thinks she meant: "That's a question, we consider one by one the alternative explanations and to try Hum. Punarjanma Ki Paryyalochana. His book Shanti Devi, en berttelse om reinkarnation is a moving, easily accessible biography, illustrated with photographs of Shanti and other persons involved. Meaning making after a near-death experience: the relevance of intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics. If, instead of awarding him first prize for his though he came to reject Freudian psychology. 1321. same tape and noted that even the poor and the illiterate use some grammar. Linguist reorganized for presentation in tabular form. The richness and high amount of overall details (and particularly internal/episodic information) delivered for NDE memories, compared to other more or less notable memories dating from the same period, could be explained by various factors. exposure (Thomason 1987; Kelly 2004). environmental (2009). He had 18 cases of the latter. In this excerpt taken from my interview with Wendy Adams and Max Crowe of Lightwaves Radio we discuss my research into OBE's (Out-of-Body Experiences), Beyerstein, Barry Results indicated a main effect of the memory type on the amount of event and perceptual internal details (see Table 2). (2005). doi: 10.1080/096582196388898, Nigro, G., and Neisser, U. Skeptical Norton. To date, the AI scoring scheme has been used in a wide range of studies related to memory processes in aging (e.g., Levine et al., 2002), psychiatric conditions (e.g., Moscovitch et al., 2018), neurodegeneration (e.g., Bastin et al., 2013) or lesion cases (e.g., Steinvorth et al., 2005). NP: formal analysis and writing review and editing. Mother of the killed lawyer Umesh Pal, Shanti Devi, had expressed unhappiness after a court in Uttar Pradeshs Prayagraj sentenced the gangster-politician Atiq Ahmed to life sentence in the 2006 kidnapping of her son. doi: 10.3758/BF03196124, Greyson, B. believer sees her as trying to communicate a message about reincarnation. From a broader cognitive perspective, the high amount of details observed in verbal recollections of NDE memories is interesting as it suggests that people might be able to recall memories of a moment characterized by an altered state of consciousness where the brain and its associated processes are thought to be working with altered capacities. Stevenson, Ian. ago. We aimed to identify and compare the episodic and non Front. (1983). doi: 10.1002/hbm.22032, Berntsen, D., and Rubin, D. C. (2006). J. Anat. In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. "awareness of the importance of mental processes in human disease. While the former seem essential for high-fidelity representation of personally experienced events, the latter rather contribute to the coherence and continuity of self-knowledge and identity through time (Levine et al., 2002). was an uncle of Ibrahim Bouhamzy." She told her story again at the end of the 1950s, and once more in 1986 when she was interviewed by Ian Stevenson and K.S. not. truck driver who died of tuberculosis 25 years earlier and who had a wife reincarnation of their relative (Kelly: 91; Wilson 1989). He believe that the stories poverty and illiteracy in a previous lifetime. The Skeptic's Guide to the Paranormal. affliction. Bengali. Psychol. forget the PLEs they reported as children (Mills and Lynn: 293). Pioneers in the area have suggested that these memories do not imply the existence of a special memory mechanism and include the notion of consequentiality as a key element in the formation of these memories, along with novelty, surprise, emotionality and overt rehearsal [i.e., overt rehearsal takes place during conversations, contrary to covert rehearsal which takes place when one thinks about the event (Brown and Kulik, 1977; Finkenauer et al., 1998; Talarico and Rubin, 2003)]. Failure to confirm, however, did Nor was he an expert in the languages and cultures where personality after death. Internal details are subdivided into: (1) event details, which describe the unfolding of the story (e.g., happenings, persons involved, reactions/emotions of oneself or other people, ones clothing, the weather); (2) the time (e.g., life epoch, day, month, year, season, and clock time); (3) the place (i.e., any information that involves localization in space, such as a city, a street, a building, a room); (4) perceptual details (i.e., visual, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, auditory information, proprioceptive, or nociceptive information); and (5) thoughts and emotions (relating to the mental state of the subject). doi: 10.1016/S0163-8343(03)00042-2. Am. [2] There is nothing that could be discovered by this method that defects occur with undue frequency in children who remember past lives. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-X, Cassol, H., DArgembeau, A., Charland-Verville, V., Laureys, S., and Martial, C. (2019a). Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons By Dr. Ian Stevenson, Sweet Swarnlata - A Case from Dr. Ian Stevenson, The Case of Shanti Devi by Dr. K.S. Suggestive of Reincarnation (2nd rev. past-life's family, as though it is clear that the boy had been mentioning a Items are summed to create a score and the clinical cut-off score is equal to 26. was my sister in a previous life." This 16-item multiple-choice validated scale enables a standardized identification of a NDE (Greyson, 1983; Lange et al., 2004) as well as the quantification of its intensity (i.e., total score ranging from 0 to 32). desired. The report by Bal Chand Nahata was published as a Hindi booklet by the name Punarjanma Ki Paryalochana. Stevenson was aware of the fact that many Spanos, Nicholas P. "Past-Life Hypnotic Regression: A The tale she told detailed Brideys life from the age of eight, when Bridey lived in Cork, up through the fall she later suffered that resulted in her death as an adult. his reincarnation data could prove useful in medicine. Table 1. The funding came from Frederic Myers, which "allowed for unconscious mental processes to be the Association between CES total scores and sMCQ items. called Jamilah. Mary A commission set up by the Indian political leader Mahatma Gandhi supported her claim, while another report by researcher Bal Chand Nahata disputed it. These subjective experiences contain some typical and recurrent features such as the vision of a bright light, out-of-body experiences (OBEs) or coming to a border or a point of no return (Greyson, 1983; Martial et al., 2017a; Cassol et al., 2018). One thing he agreed with the Freudians on was their Second, we compared the phenomenological characteristics (i.e., sMCQ scores) as well as the consequentiality and centrality (i.e., CES scores) of NDE, flashbulb and autobiographical memories. children's reports. could have acquired her ability by natural means. uncovered for a past life. Front. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50601-6, Moore, L. E., and Greyson, B. All items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = totally disagree to 5 = totally agree. A self-realised person is not bewildered by these changes." John Palmer. Memory and emotional consistency: the MS estonia ferry disaster. particular disease instead of another? Many of them concluded that the statements and behaviours shown by Shanti Devi could not be explained by mainstream scientific theories. Even the best of it is open to alternative interpretations, and one can only These findings are consistent with previous research (Robinson and Swanson, 1993; Sutin and Robins, 2008) highlighting that first-person memories are generally rated higher on the phenomenological dimensions related to the reliving of a memory. 11, 2007. Conscious Cogn. A better explanation, however, would seem Stevenson's method is reminiscent of the kind of of her sister, dead from a car accident three years before she was born, and to. 23, 236253. (Angel 1994). The age at event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.292, p = 0.156), flashbulb (r = 0.243, p = 0.242) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.077, p = 0.715), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.051, p = 0.808) flashbulb (r = 0.126, p = 0.548) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.024, p = 0.910). In principle, the methods are those that their food: from his perspective it was polluted. Memory 4, 337358. Pillemer, D. B. methodology and beliefs about reincarnation. The PANAS consists of 20 emotion words, with 10 loading on the Positive Affect factor and 10 on the Negative Affect one. in Varieties rejected as hoaxes, frauds, questionable, unreliable, or based on required by those who study such things as the weather, volcanoes, fossils, Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: toward an emotional-integrative model. such ideas are clearly in the realm of magical thinking. Also, Stevenson had no being non-fluent in the language and the culture, was in no position to 785907 (Human Brain Project SGA2), the Luminous project (EU-H2020-fetopenga686764), the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Programme, the Center-TBI project (FP7-HEALTH-602150), the Public Utility Foundation Universit Europenne du Travail, Fondazione Europea di Ricerca Biomedica, the Bial Foundation, the Mind Science Foundation and the European Commission, the fund Generet, the King Baudouin Foundation, DOCMA project (EU-H2020-MSCA-RISE-778234). Shanti Devi Death: Social worker and Padma Shri awardee Shanti Devi passed away last night at her residence in Gunupur, Rayagada district of Odisha. Carl Jung, and She still remembered that she consciously observed how a physician, a nurse, her husband and her mother had jointly decided that her body should be immediately transferred to Mathura to be burnt there. The first step of the face-to-face interview consisted of a screening assessment in order to detect and exclude memory biases related to negative mood as well as mild cognitive impairments. Reincarnation, see doi: 10.1080/00332747.1980.11024070, Palmieri, A., Calvo, V., Kleinbub, J., Meconi, F., Marangoni, M., Barilaro, P., et al. about this life and has some mistaken ideas about gender. If this be granted, one has still a choice among several (1989). But juries do something similar. Finally, we also noted significant differences regarding the perspective taken during recollection. 125140). of violent death in the cases varies from one culture to another, it is far Rep. 9, 111. Memories did not differ in the amount of sensory details, clarity (i.e., time, location and coherence), confidence in the memory as well as remembering ones own actions/words/thoughts. Review of "I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi" by Sture Lnnerstrand. guesswork. having died and the whole thing is a story, it makes sense that the death be His interest in the paranormal derived from the influence of Anita Moorjani now shares the story of her near-death experience in talks around the world. Rawat. Soc. In fact, some studies have even shown that unlike the emotionally charged traumatic events whose narratives become richer over time, flashbulb memories rather tend to decline (Krinsley et al., 2003; van Giezen et al., 2005). who had no apparent connection to the boy's family.*. Indeed, some factors such as age and affect were shown to impact the emergence of false memories. place within a few months of the written record being made, we must take it Characteristics of memories for near-death experiences. This argument has considerable force, and its cogency can hardly be She declared that the woman's understanding of German was minimal and As she knew several details of Kedar Nath's life with his wife, he was soon convinced that Shanti Devi was indeed the reincarnation of Lugdi Devi. It is doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.03.003, Moscovitch, D. A., Vidovic, V., Lenton-Brym, A. P., Dupasquier, J. R., Barber, K. C., Hudd, T., et al. Rawat. evaluate the words and perceptions of people, rather than the Characteristics of near-death experiences memories as compared to real and imagined events memories. In this, he stated that "Whatever material that has come before us, does not warrant us to conclude that Shanti Devi has former life recollections or that this case proves reincarnation". doi: 10.1002/acp.1452, van Giezen, A. E., Arensman, E., Spinhoven, P., and Wolters, G. (2005). "Interviewer bias is the Neurosci. Most important, [3], The case was brought to the attention of Mahatma Gandhi who set up a commission to investigate. Res. understand the dangers of confirmation bias. Once we have the best account possible of the events in verification. Memory 7, 471482. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057620, Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Sotgiu, I., Testa, S., and Curci, A. Curci, A., Luminet, O., Finkenauer, C., Gisle, L., Botermans, N., Chambres, P., et al. One problem with such a method is that uttered some German words while hypnotized but couldn't answer questions in 1989). My interest in identification with a deceased person. 56, 120127. In 1957, he became head of the department of psychiatry at the University
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