The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. L Research Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). All rights reserved. neavs Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. Takibana [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. Cost must probably be decreased further to allow for whole genome sequencing of large numbers of animals. Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. T Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. Now the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)the main supporter of chimpanzees maintained for biomedical researchfinds itself facing an incendiary debate over whether it should phase out such studies or breed more animals for future generations of investigators. [32][33][34][35][36], NEAVS also lobbied Congress in support of the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA), first introduced in 2008 and again in 2011. Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. F Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. SD Chen The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. E Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. 2023 Nonprofit Metrics LLCTerms of Service and Privacy Policy. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. TA John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers. Our vision is to use engineering science to discover mechanisms that regulate blood disorders and innate immunity, and to exploit those mechanisms to develop diagnostic and drug delivery technologies. Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. . In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 2017). One solution that has been proposed to meet acute, high-demand situations is to maintain modestly sized reserve colonies of macaques that can be used specifically to deal with sudden increases in demand due to emerging pathogens. Begley NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. (2015), Phillips et al. The ability to lower costs, develop more cost-effective sequencing technologies and more sophisticated phenotyping assays, and increase coordination and cooperation among centers will likely be needed to realize this potential. , Kievit P, Bremer AA, Comuzzie AC. Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. KA Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences. (2) To conduct high impact research that improves the lives of people with blood disorders. WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, Projects JD Q , Miller P. Bayne WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). NHP-related studies of CVD also provide good examples of the use of multiple NHP species; the authors discuss the relative merits of different species for specific types of investigations. ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education. Web1981 Frederick Coulston, a toxicologist, establishes the White Sands Research Center (renamed the Coulston Foundation), a biomedical research lab in New Mexico. R . The rigor with which experimental animals are described in publications also influences the reproducibility of animal-based translational studies. Neeves. AS The physiological response to stress can differentially affect the animals reaction to a given experimental intervention (Capitanio 2017). This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). (2017), lack of rigor in preclinical animal studies, including basic aspects of reproducibility such as blinding, sample sizes, and use of both males and females, contribute to lack of reproducibility. Together, NEAVS and AFAAR have funded alternatives to common animal testing procedures such as the LD50 and Draize test for toxicity. Alternatively, less expensive and less comprehensive approaches can be used, such as exomic sequencing or genotyping-by-sequencing (Bimber et al. Roth, D.W.M. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. [29] Soon after, other organizations allied with NEAVS and after a decade of advocacy the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. 2017). 2016), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chen et al. Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. 3 0 obj Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. WebThe NIH announces an end to funding biomedical research on chimpanzees and that all federally-owned chimpanzees are eligible for retirement to sanctuary, 2015. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. Sasaki 2009). Vasbinder The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. NHPs have been critical animal models for development of all current approaches aimed at halting the AIDS epidemic in humans, including developing anti-retroviral therapies, decreasing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, testing microbicides, and designing more effective strategies for development of efficacious AIDS vaccines. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research.
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