Adjusting the planting time can also help. Air-dry the pods on a tray lined with an old sheet or on a fine screen for about 2 weeks. In humid weather, it can be susceptible to powdery mildew and white mold. The annual herb grows up to 40 cm (16 in) high. Other, desirable varieties also freely reseed themselves. They also contain enzymes called myrosinases, that convert the glucosinolates into isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, which are toxic to many organisms, and so help guard against herbivory. Good luck! It is notoriously difficult to grow because of its sensitivity to cold weather. In the whites family (Pieridae), one counter mechanism involves glucosinolate sulphatase, which changes the glucosinolate, so that it cannot be converted to isothiocyanate. Revised continuously. There is nothing you can do to stop this process, but you can prevent it. Garlic mustard is competitive in a wide range of soils, sun, shade and moisture. It is found on rocky slopes and cliffs along the coast. When growing mustard for seed, staking the plants is recommended. Mustard can be planted in pots, but that option is only suitable when growing them for the greens, as you need a substantial number of plants to produce seeds for mustard. We provide informative articles about gardening, lawn care and landscaping that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to Stronger in flavour than white mustard (Sinapsis alba), brown mustard seeds are characteristic of many French-type paste mustards. Lower leaves are variously lobed. Barbarea vulgaris (bittercress) also produces triterpenoid saponins. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed. The plants reach their full height of 1.5 to 2 metres (5 to 6.5 feet) as their flowers fade and after numerous green seedpods appear on their branches. It is often seen growing near beaches and is known for its bright red flowers. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good flow properties and cetane ratings. The seed does not contain endosperm. However, the Mustard is a cool-weather crop that developed an unpleasant bitter flavor in temperatures above 75 F. Thats why it is planted in the early spring or in the fall. Not all mustard weeds are controlled with the same tactics, though, so identification can be important; for example, soybean growers need to . When the cell is damaged, the myrosinases hydrolise the glucosinolates, leading to the synthesis of isothiocyanates, which are compounds toxic to most animals, fungi and bacteria. They are considered a delicacy in eastern European cuisine. New seeds can be planted every 2-3 weeks for a continuous harvest. The plant is also great for spicy smoothies. The plant belonging to the leek family with the botanical name Allium ursinum, is both medicinal herb and aromatic herb. April; October, Useful plant parts: leaves, flowers, Like all potted plants, mustard needs more frequent watering and fertilization than plants grown in the garden. It is native to East Asia, but is now cultivated worldwide. - 1 ft. 6 in. Broadleaf mustard is usually planted in springtime. Brassica juncea or Brown Mustard is an annual herbin the cruciferous family. The leaf may be seated or have a leafstalk. Mustard is easy to grow but it does not compete well with weeds, especially when the plants are still small. The fruit is very variable in its other traits. The mustard (Brassicacaea) plant family includes vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage as well as several common New York weeds.The weedy mustards that form spring rosettes can be hard to identify, as they have similar forms and features. Your email address will not be published. All parts of the plant should only be used fresh, as the most valuable ingredients are lost while drying. Originally it was the condiment that . The genus Alliaria probably consists of only about five species. The name mustard derives from the Latin word mustum, meaning sour, and anyone who has tasted the fiery, yellow condiment will understand why. Following Bentham and Hooker, John Hutchinson in 1948 and again in 1964 thought the Brassicaceae to stem from near the Papaveraceae. Corrections? The slightly brownish to white taproot is often divided two After this time, the mixture is poured into jars where it is allowed to settle. two-year-old plant (occasionally perennial), which can grow up to 110 Mustard needs a location in full sun with well-draining soil. Your tongue will feel purple after tasting its spice. It can grow under the shade of other plants like nettles or in bright sunny spots. Plant characteristics Mustard plants can reach 150 cm in height. [27][28] The USDA's TAG group has blocked these introductions since 2004. In rotations with sugar beets, suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. The APG III system has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. The plant is quite common in the wild and easy to Field Mustard (Sinapis alba) is a biennial plant that produces large yellow flowers. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They are very easy to grow and do not require much attention; however, basic needs of proper amounts of sunlight and water is a must for the plants. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Bush honeysuckle, pictured above, represents one of the many invasive plants found in Pennsylvania and across the U.S. Flowering. Growth habit/plant characteristics: Mustard seed is very small 1 to 3 mm in diameter and 100,000 to 200,000 seeds per pound. The leaf blade is usually simple, entire or dissected, rarely trifoliolate or pinnately compound. Indeed, during the Roman Empire, mustard was considered a delicacy, and was served at banquets held in honor of foreign ambassadors. Baby leaves start growing in 3 weeks, and are ready to be harvested when they are 45 days old. She has her M.S. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. To harvest the seeds, watch the plants closely after the bloom to catch the point in time when the seed pods turn from green to brown but dont open yet because otherwise, they will disperse the seeds all over your garden. humus-rich soils. This plant's biennial life cycle consists of a ground-level, or "basal," year and a reproductive, or "bolt," year. Young leaves can be eaten in mixed salads and older leaves are usually cooked as greens. made or the seeds are used as pepper as a spice. Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. Blossy, B., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 1999. Plant characteristics. Fresh plants are usually not Leaves. It belongs to the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) moth is also becoming increasingly problematic for crucifers due to its resistance to commonly used pest control methods. Mustard n the Garden. What is commonly referred to as the mustard plant are in fact three different species: brown mustard (Brassica juncea), white mustard (Brassica alba), and black mustard (Brassica nigra). The use of mustard seeds as a spice has been known from the earliest recorded times and is described in . Look Alikes. Parasitoid wasps that feed on such insect herbivores are attracted to the chemical compounds released by the plants, and thus are able to locate their prey. It is often used in salads, and is also enjoyed raw in sashimi. emarginations on the petiole and the smell of garlic while rubbing You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. . The garlic mustard flowers from April to July. Mustard seeds should be sown in . If you are growing mustard plants for their leaves, cut them while they are small, young, and tender and use them in salads. The inflorescences are terminal and lack bracts. In herbal books garlic Brassica rapa subsp. appear only very irregular. The flowers are tiny and yellowish-white. The seeds of mustard plants have long been ground and crushed into a powerful spice and added to cookery, dips, sauces and dressings. The Forest Technology Enterprise Team. Bees, flies, and beetles are pollinating insects. It is also grown in India, Pakistan and Nepal. copies on perennial markets or online. Occurrences in Massachusetts and Maine are considered introduced. This mustard is made from yellow mustard seed, which is ground into a paste. Mustard should be grown in full sun. Few species have multi-cellular glands. mild yet very spicy herb. Usually the growth heights are on average however with 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) clearly smaller. doctor. Brassicaceae (/brskesii, -sia/) or (the older) Cruciferae (/krusfri/)[2] is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. The Brassicaceae also includes ornamentals, such as species of Aethionema, Alyssum, Arabis, Aubrieta, Aurinia, Cheiranthus, Erysimum, Hesperis, Iberis, Lobularia, Lunaria, Malcolmia, and Matthiola. It is used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. It grows rapidly and can be cut down at ground level once established. Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. [13] One analysis from 2014 represented the relation between 39 tribes with the following tree. There may be one persistent style that connects the ovary to the globular or conical stigma, which is undivided or has two spreading or connivent lobes. These leaves are best enjoyed fresh but can be stored for up to three days if kept cool. 2.3. The garlic mustard is a widespread plant in Europe. It is made by drying the seed until it becomes hard and brittle, then grinding it before adding vinegar and salt. Other names: garlic root, hedge garlic, The two genera Brassica and Sinapis, constitute the various species of the mustard plants. The resulting paste is left to ferment and mature for about two weeks. They are rich in vitamin C, calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium. Sunny locations should be strictly avoided when sowing! The plant grows about 3 feet tall with bright yellow pretty flowers, which are also edible. Mustard's Botanical Name is Brassica. garlic mustard, Garlic mustard can be used for these ailments and Answer: Mustard plants belong to the Brassica family, with characteristics which range from deeply lobed and frilled foliage to smooth broad leaves. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Black mustard grows in countries like Chile and some parts of US and Argentina. The seeds are usually about 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) in diameter and may be colored from yellowish white to black. Instead, it required around 100% removal. The seeds must be planted to inches to inches deep, and after they grow a few inches, it is essential to thin them to few inches apart. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. "[1] The Encyclopdia Britannica states that mustard was grown by the Indus Civilization of 25001700 BC. capitatum. Mustard is a hardy annual vegetable is grown for its leaves, also sold as mustard greens, or for its seeds to make mustard. 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The stems may be upright, rise up towards the tip, or lie flat, are mostly herbaceous but sometimes woody. For potted crops, commercially available potting soils are better than herbal potting soils, as these usually have only low nutrient reserves and are often too loose. Mustard plants can reach 150 cm in height. Given that not one of an estimated 76 species that prey on the plant has been approved for biological control in North America and the variety of mechanisms the plant has to ensure its dominance without them (e.g. It has a peppery flavor and a slightly sweet aroma. Fruits are capsules that open with two valves, usually towards the top. The pollen grains are tricolpate. [10], Carl Linnaeus in 1753 regarded the Brassicaceae as a natural group, naming them "Klass" Tetradynamia. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Rarely, there is only one cavity without a septum. It gets its name from the garlic fragrance that comes from rubbing the leaves. [21][22][23][24][25][26] It is estimated that adequate control can be achieved with the introduction of two European weevils, including one that is monophagous. Depending on the variety that you grow, mustard's tiny round1 seeds are either yellow, brown, or black. April 17, 2023 7:00 AM. A leaf rosette at the base may be present or absent. In summer, the plants flower and set fruit. However, Zohary and Hopf conclude: "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on linguistic considerations. The plant is native to the Himalayas and is cultivated in temperate regions of the world. Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. The space between the plants and the rows depends on the variety, and also on what you grow the plants for. The fruits will dry and split when ripe. Rhubarb 101: How to Plant, Maintain, and Harvest Your Crop, Chili Peppers: The Ultimate Guide to Growing, Growing Purslane: A Guide to Cultivating this Nutritious Green, Growing Hamburg Parsley: Tips and Tricks for a Bountiful Harvest, Parsnips: A Comprehensive Guide to Growing and Harvesting This Underappreciated Vegetable, Plant characteristics and classification of They are available in supermarkets and health food shops. We hope you are enjoying Gardenerdy! While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The mustard plant is known all over the world for its incredible diversity and immense popularity in culinary purposes. that a little patience is necessary in raising, as the seedlings Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. To fruit ripening develop, from the white flowers, up to 8 cm (3 in) long pods, which contains in each case up to eight dark seeds. In the main producing countries, the crop production of mustard is fully mechanized. North America. It initially consists of only one cavity but during its further development a thin wall grows that divides the cavity, both placentas and separates the two valves (a so-called false septum). It is versatile and easy to handle. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Rows of mustard greens that are harvested regularly can be spaced as little as 12 inches apart whereas mustard with fully developed seed heads should be planted in rows 2 to 3 feet apart. Melissa Petruzzello is Associate Editor of Plant and Environmental Science and covers a range of content from plants, algae, and fungi, to renewable energy and environmental engineering. It is a biennial plant that bears tiny purple flowers. Garlic mustard is consumed raw, as the ingredients responsible for the aromatic garlic-peppery taste are destroyed by cooking. Each flower has four free or seldom merged sepals, the lateral two sometimes with a shallow spur, which are mostly shed after flowering, rarely persistent, may be reflexed, spreading, ascending, or erect, together forming a tube-, bell- or urn-shaped calyx. The use of mustard seeds as a spice has been known from the earliest recorded times and is described in Indian and Sumerian texts dating back to 3000 bce. Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany[7] and the Netherlands,[8] mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). mustard, condiment made from the pungent seeds of either of two main herbs belonging to the family Brassicaceae. That variety is called field mustard (Brassica kaber), Farmers plow it back into the soil as green manure to enrich the soil with nitrogen. It is a member of the mustard family Brassicaceae. The museum boasts over 5,000 jars of mustard plants drawn from over 60 countries and 50 states. USDA Forest Service. Commonly known as the mustard family, Brassicaceae contains some 338 genera and more than 3,700 species of flowering plants distributed throughout the world. It grows really fast, providing a biomass that will keep weeds from establishing a foothold in any season. leaves, which are usually tapered. mustard, condiment made from the pungent seeds of either of two main herbs belonging to the family Brassicaceae. four-edged stems, the leaves are also hairless. University of Florida. Brassinosteroids are growing in agricultural and gardening importance. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa. The garlic mustard is a Garden Mustard (Sinapism Gorilla) is an annual herbaceous plant that grows well in warm climates. It is one of six species of Sinapism Gorilla. occasional fertilizer additions as the nutrients can not be kept in seeds, shoots, roots, Soil quality: nutrient-rich and Watering early in the day will allow the plant to dry before nightfall and reducing the chance of fungal diseases. Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the radish and turnip, can be found over West Asia and Europe, suggesting their domestication took place somewhere in that area. Externally, garlic mustard Just like creeping Jenny, ashweed and sorrel, this herb is becoming increasingly popular. Known in the scientific context as Alliaria petiolata (formerly Alliaria officinalis), garlic mustard is a typical member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). South America has 40 genera containing 340 native species, Southern Africa 15 genera with over 100 species, and Australia and New-Zealand have 19 genera with 114 species between them. It was also cultivated in France and Germany. A moth that feeds on a range of Brassicaceae is the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Mustard is a cash crop that can be planted in rotation with small grains. Cornell University. The seeds are harvested for use in condiments and oil. Copyright Gardenerdy & Buzzle.com, Inc. However, when the seed is chewed or when the flour is mixed with water, a chemical reaction between two of the constituents within mustard, an enzyme and a glucoside, produces an oil that is not present as such in the plant. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.[9]. It is also used in traditional medicine. Stems carry leaves or the stems may be leafless (in Caulanthus), and some species lack stems altogether. The whole plant is edible. Omissions? With the help of modern electronic techniques, scientists have found that the seeds have incredible power and thats the reason they have been used as medicines since thousands of years. Our list is just a sample of whats available to you. Upper leaves taper to a short petiole. Seedlings: Cotyledons are kidney- or heart-shaped and 5mm (1/5") long by 8mm (3/10") wide. Pale yellow or white mustard (Brassica hirta), brown mustard (Brassica juncea), and black mustard (Brassica nigra) are . Learn about the process of making mustard, from harvest to the final quality check, This article was most recently revised and updated by, The Spruce Eats - The Condiment Mustard's History, mustard - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), mustard - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Like the Pieridae, it is capable of converting isothiocyanates into less problematic nitriles. It is one of the oldest crops known to man. Although you can start mustard seedlings indoors, direct seeding is the preferred and easiest method to start mustard plants. It is easy to grow and needs very little water. The yellow flowers are similar to the umbels at the top of the . Make sure to follow the rules of crop rotation and dont plant it in the same spot where other members of the Brassica family were grown in the past two years or ideally even longer. The genus name Brassica is Latin for cabbage Black Mustard is a winter annual weed in the Mustard family. N.C. Some insect herbivores have developed counter adaptations such as rapid absorption of the glucosinates, quick alternative breakdown into non-toxic compounds and avoiding cell damage. pharmacist. The variously shaped seeds are usually yellow or brown in color, and arranged in one or two rows in each cavity. Mustard can be planted in the spring or in the fall. Visiting this page can not replace the visit to the Davis, S., 2015. Driesche, F.V. At temperatures between 45 and 75 degrees, the seeds germinate in 4 to 14 days. From the The mild white variety of mustard is used as a salad green or cooked vegetable. Managing this pest in crops became more complicated after resistance developed against a toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, which is used as a wide spectrum biological plant protection against caterpillars. Green, immature seed pods In the New Testament the tiny mustard seed is a symbol of faith. A nitrogen-stressed organic fertilizer is best suited here [8] Although it can be cross-pollinated, Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is self-fertile. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. It is closely related to the cabbage family Brassicaceae. Other classifications have continued to recognize the Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including Cleome and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family Cleomaceae. The leaves along the stem are almost always alternately arranged, rarely apparently opposite. They can also be planted in containers at a minimum size of 3 gallons and 4-6 in deep. [17], Brassicaceae can be found almost on the entire land surface of the planet, but the family is absent from Antarctica, and also absent from some areas in the tropics i.e. - 1 ft. 6 in. It has lanceolate leaves that grow alternately from the stems. For this reason, you should always add them only at the end of the cooking process. Closely spacing the plants (and thinning them as they grow) helps to control weeds. There are over 40 different varieties of mustard plants, but three are the most popular for culinary use; black, brown, and white mustard seeds typically go into recipes and making mustard. [11] The APG II system merged Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. In the wild, the seedlings usually appear at the transition from colder and frosty weather to the first warmer spring days. [7], Brassicaceae are almost exclusively pollinated by insects. When seedlings are 3 to 4 inches tall, start thinning them out (they can be eaten) to 4 to 6 inches apart, and increase the space as the plants grow. It is a member of the mustard family Brassicaceae. What is there to pay attention to, Wild garlic characteristics, cultivation, use and curative effects, Dill Characteristics, cultivation, use and curative effect, Butterfly weed info, planting, care and tips, Cats tail characteristics, cultivation and use, St. Johns wort characteristics, cultivation and use, Fennel characteristics, cultivation and use. And, Is It A Good Thing! This review provides an overview of plant characteristics, types, origins, distribution, and consumption methods of Mustard, as well as its phytochemicals and biological activities. The principal types are white, or yellow, mustard (Sinapis alba), a plant of Mediterranean origin; and brown, or Indian, mustard (Brassica juncea), which is of Himalayan origin. The first set of leaves is smaller than the second set, and the second set is more bitter. It is a good source of vitamin C, potassium, calcium, and iron. It is believed to have been domesticated around 8,000 years ago. They are usually grown for their seeds rather than their greens. Mustard is among the oldest recorded spices as seen in Sanskrit records dating back to about 3000 BC (Mehra, 1968) and was one of the first domesticated crops. (A935, Reviewed August 2022) Publication File: Tame Mustard Production. cheese, cottage cheese, seeds like mustard. Garlic mustard's curved root helps the plant hold on to the soil even on steep slopes with loose soil. Becker, R., Gerber E., Hinz H., Katovich E., Panke B., Reardon R., Renz R., Van Riper L., 2013. It is one of the oldest crops known to man. The leaves of this plant are used to make mustard oil. [3], A wide-ranging genetic study of B. rapa announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in Central Asia, and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product. The leaves do not have stipules, but there may be a pair of glands at base of leaf stalks and flower stalks. Its seeds taste very hot, and not in a quiet way! Woad (Isatis tinctoria) was used in the past to produce a blue textile dye (indigo), but has largely been replaced by the same substance from unrelated tropical species like Indigofera tinctoria.[31]. garden on nutrient-rich soil, additional fertilization is not [8][12].mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Early classifications depended on morphological comparison only, but because of extensive convergent evolution, these do not provide a reliable phylogeny. Mustard seed is used as a spice. The leaves of brown mustard are highly variable in appearance, depending on the variety. Garlic Mustard ( Alliaria petiolata) is an invasive, herbaceous, biennial. considered when sowing, at the location and in garden planning. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. When ready, the mustard is strained through muslin cloths into sterilized bottles. Long pods with round, brown seeds. The cotyledon also has an indentation at the tip. Usually the growth Mustard is unusual among spices in that it is mainly grown in the temperate regions of the world, principally on the Canadian and U.S. Great Plains, in Hungary and in Britain, and in lesser amounts in other countries. Profile of butterfly weed: Scientific name: Asclepias tuberosa Plant family: dogbane family (Apocynaceae) Other names: butterflyweed, []. Keep the soil evenly moist at all times. Pieris rapae and other butterflies of the family Pieridae are some of the best-known pests of Brassicaceae species planted as commercial crops. How And When To Kill A Lawn To Start Over? The Best Way And Some Expert Tips. The Bible is probably the earliest literature material where the mustard plant is widely mentioned. [32] It can be a pest species in areas where it is not native. If you live in a place with extreme temperatures, then this plant may not work well for you. There are therefore very few offers from The mustard plant can be grown in sandy, loamy or clay soils with a pH between 4.9 and 8.2 and prefers moist soil. The other species is S. arvensis. The family contains the cruciferous vegetables, including species such as Brassica oleracea (cultivated as cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli and collards), Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage, etc. Thus a particular crop can sometimes be protected by planting bittercress as a deadly bait, for the saponins kill the caterpillars, but the butterfly is still lured by the bittercress to lay its egg on the leaves. Mustard plants and seeds are rich in calcium, potassium, vitamin C, and vitamin A!
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